Intellectual Property and Leadership Assignment

Intellectual Property and Leadership - Assignment Example For patenting the object it is essential that the product is analyzed for utility, enable the product for use by others, check novelty of the product that whether it is unique or not and the invention must be non-obvious. Copyright: It is awarded to original work or authorship. The entitlement remains to the author for life or for 70 years. For acquiring copyrights it is essential that the product is registered. Trademark: It identifies the source of the goods or services till the date it is used in commerce. It is subject to federal registration. Trade secret: valuable information which the organization seeks to protect till the time the information may be considered valuable. Information like ingredients of the product is considered as the trade secret. It is essential for organizations to protect their intellectual property and that sensitive trade-related information is not disclosed. Patenting of the intellectual property protects the research investment and channelizes the reac h of the markets. This requires appropriate documentation and recording for managing the intellectual property in the most effective manner. The changing time has encouraged globalization. Businesses operating in the global markets require taking decisions and assessing the challenges. The businesses are engaging in diverse work settings for profit maximization. International trade is being promoted widely for encouraging the following, Mercantilism: It is economic growth and development of the economy by increasing the exports and reducing the imports. Comparative advantage: Acquire gains from the trade of the products with which the organization is efficient. Competitive advantage: Businesses strive to acquire advantage by utilizing all the factors and resources available to the organization. Generally: Utilizing all the factors such as resources, technology, and the exchange rate. International finance includes buying of a countries currency for the utilization of goods and servi ces. This requires the determination of exchange rate which is the price of the currency of one country traded with the other. The gold exchange standards also have an impact on the value of the currency. The depreciation and appreciation of the home country’s currency are subject t various different economic factors. Contractual arrangements are made between business and the economies for their interest which attracts foreign direct investments. Analyzing international issues requires assessing political risk. Firms enter in the international markets for becoming competitive and profitable. This requires analyzing all the risk factors which are global specific country specific and firm-specific. Then further the strategies are designed which help the firms in overcoming the challenges associated with dealing with the risk. The factors like political violence and international terrorism enable the organizations in forming appropriate strategies which help it in protecting and defending its integral values. Management of the organization requires coordinating the goal s of the employees for accomplishing the desired goals and objectives of the organization. The management is required to plan, organize, staff, lead, direct and control an organization. For this, the management must possess skill sets which include political, conceptual, interpersonal, diagnostic and technical

Mathematics Educational Theories Essay Example for Free

Mathematics Educational Theories Essay My investigation has led me to think about lots of ideas that can be used with children in Early Years classroom as well as with KS1. Numbers displayed on telephone sets and remote controls are probably the first form of numbers in an order that young children come across with. Primarily, number lines 0 10 0 20, as a part of the 100 square can be used where children familiarise themselves with numbers and recognise the correct order of numbers. Number lines are very versatile. They can be of any size, for individual or whole- class use. They can start on any number. Blank number lines are infinitely adaptable; they can be used for counting calculations using all four number operations. They are a good way to practice and overlearn the number bonds to 20 that children need to be able to remember fluently. Visual counting pattern on number lines can help children to understand relative numbers and number sequences. Moving a step forward from the correct order of numbers, the children can identify and colour all the odd and even numbers and establish rules for recognition. When children are confident with bigger numbers, a large 100 square is ideal to work with the whole class to learn timetables, addition subtraction of larger numbers by counting numbers above it or below it. Children can also identify multiples of 2,3, 5, 10 and others by highlighting numbers in different colours and demonstrate sequential patterns. They can reverse the two digit numbers, read them and make new numbers. Problem solving activities such as pick a number between 0-10 or 0-20, double it and add 1, is very exciting as children manipulate with numbers at their own pace. Lots of different games can be introduced. Snakes Ladders, number dominions, dice games, dot to dot, finding the difference between two dices; place value cards are few examples. By playing and replaying a selection of games, children can practice to grapple ideas, number facts and concepts in a way that they can enjoy and strengthen skills at the same time. Active involvement aids their learning and enhances their attitude towards the subject. But it is important to focus on the particular learning target that the game is reinforcing. Hundred squares can be cut into several parts to form a jigsaw and children can be challenged to put the pieces together again. (See some activity ideas in the appendix)

The Beak Of The Finch :: essays research papers fc

The Bogus Logic of The Beak People who have served in the Armed Forces may be familiar with the expression, "If you can't dazzle then with your brilliance, baffle them with your baloney." The Beak of the Finch uses such laughable logic, it is remarkable that anyone would believe it. The book does such a terrible job of presenting a case for evolution and history, that the only logical conclusion is that the book's true intent is to disprove it.   Jonathan Weiner, The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994. ISBN 0679400036.   "It is never too late to give up our prejudices. No way of thinking or doing, however ancient, can be trusted without proof." --Thoreau, Walden This book claims to be about evolution, centered in the location made famous by Charles Darwin, the Galapagos Islands. I read this book on the recommendation of a good friend who knows I am interested in birds and thought I might get something out of it. Indeed, the few parts of the book actually about the Gouldian Finches of the Galapagos Islands are fascinating. The book records in detail some of the trials the Dr. Peter Grant family endured in studying these birds on a hot volcanic rock. However, the writers and editors of the book avoid simple logic and put a spin on history that is misleading. The facts and logic presented in The Beak of the Finch really make the book's author out to be a closet creationist.   It just so happened that at the same time I read this book, I was reading The Storm Petrel and the Owl of Athena by Louis Halle. Half of The Storm Petrel is on the bird life of the Shetland Islands, another isolated natural system. Halle, though an evolutionist, devotes a whole chapter on how the Shetlands and other islands conserve species. (Halle. 1970, 155ff.) Where species have changed their habits, it is most often due to adaptation to humanity. He compares the wild starlings, house sparrows, and rock doves found on the Shetlands with the more domesticated versions of these birds found on the continents--and to some degree even in the main village of the Shetlands. The island birds are more like their original wild forebears. I mention this now because it will come back to haunt us later.   Logical Fallacies By the first thirty or so pages I had found two logical fallacies and at least one historical inaccuracy in The Beak of the Finch.

Following the Sweet Path of Honey :: Bees Beehives Papers

Following the Sweet Path of Honey A bee alights upon a flower, having been attracted to it by the sweet smell of nectar. Knowing of the plant's readiness to release nectar, the bee begins to extract the sugary substance and stores it away in a stomach pouch along with the other nectar it has collected for the day. This is only the first step in a complex process that brings honey to our tables. In fact, it will take over two hundred days and trips to over eight hundred thousand flowers to produce a 35 ounce pot of honey. Honey is one of the few foods for which we still rely on a natural process, and it is the only one which relies on an insect. In a time when most foods are processed and produced in labs, the honey industry still revolves around the unique alchemy and ability of the honeybee. The path from flower to table connects nature to modern production. It is a simple product with complex connections and a fascinating process. It all begins in a manmade beehive; a multilevel contraption of boxes and screens that recreates the environment of a hive, but is designed to make removing excess honeycomb a more efficient procedure. A set of hives in the field looks more like abandoned dresser drawers than the site of mass production. Despite its uncomplicated aesthetics though, the beehive is a very efficient factory. Honeybees are perfect models for division of labor. Within their society there are three very distinct categories, each with specific duties and functions. The Worker Bees are the active force behind the hive. These female honeybees gather the nectar and pollen, feed the larvae and pupae, supply water, secrete beeswax, build comb, and complete many other necessary tasks. In its lifetime this Worker Bee will produce only half a teaspoon of honey, but it will travel fifty-five thousand miles to do so (Dadant1). The Drone is the most expendable member of the colony. These males bees only exist to impregnate the Queen Bee. In the winter months when the hive thins out due to the ceasing of honey production, it is mostly the Drones who are forced to leave and soon perish (Dadant 2). The center of reproduction in the colony is the Queen Bee.

Professional Standards for Teaching: a Review or Literature Essay

ABSTRACT Abstract:- The aim of this article is to review the related literature about the Professional Standards for teachers. The conceptual and historical background of the professional standards has been discussed in this article. It is viewed that quality of education and quality of life are interdependent. Quality of education to a great extent lies on the quality of his teachers. Professional standards for teachers are being used as a tool to improve the quality of education. Standards are the measures of achievement for both the professional teachers or educators and the their students. These professional standards are sub divided into content and performance standards in the curriculum seek to assure excellence. These standards define and establish expectations, and provide a common base for planning. Professional standards for teachers also provide a foundational framework to develop pre-service teacher education programmes, accredit the institutions that offer them and to certify their graduates as licensed teachers. In different western countries various organizations are responsible for the development of different types of professional standards for teachers. In Pakistan, National Professional Standards for teachers has been introduced by the Federal Ministry of Education in collaboration with UNESCO and USAID, which are discussed in detail in this review. Introduction Education is considered as one of the basic elements which contribute to the development of a country and the prosperity of the masses. It promotes awareness among people by making them able to ‘read’ the world (Freire, 1987). The increasing use of technology has transformed the world into a global village. This global community has accepted the principle that education is a basic human right. Accomplishment of such right does not only involve being given access to schools and being trained for life-long learning via either formal or non-formal means, but more importantly, being provided quality education (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 402). For many children, youth and adults today, access to learning opportunities is no  longer a luxury; however, getting quality education remains to be elusive even in developed countries. The declarations of the 1990 Jomtien World Conference on Education and the 2000 Dakar World Education Forum both emphasized that to achieve Education f or All (EFA) by 2015 would require, in addition to increased access to education, all countries to improve the quality and equity of education â€Å"so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all† (Ross K., 2007). Teachers are vital. Unless we can get more teachers, and better teachers, we will not reach the target of making quality education available for all by 2015.The quality and standard of excellence in education depend upon the quality and standard of teachers. Strong evidence demonstrates that the quality of teachers is the most significant educational input for quality learning in schools. The importance of the role of the teacher as an agent of change, promoting understanding and tolerance, has never been more obvious than today (Delors, Mufti, Amagi, Carneiro, Chung, Geremek, Gorham, Kornhauser, Manley, Quero, Savane, Singh, Stavenhagen, Suhr, Won, & Nanzhao,1996). This is reflected in the international trend to give greater attention and effort to improve the quality of teachers. If any country aspires to compete successfully in the global knowledge economy and convert the raw talents of its people into productive asset it has to create a world class educational system from pre-school to postgraduate levels. A world class education is not possible without world class teachers, most importantly at the foundational levels of K -10 grades, who instruct, inform and inspire their students to quality learning and scholarship. MacBer (2000) describes the qualities of a teacher, A good teacher is kind, is generous, listens to students, encourages them, has faith in them, keeps confidences, likes teaching children, likes teaching their subjects, takes time to explain things, helps them when they are stuck, tells them how they are doing, allow them to have their say, doesn’t give up on them, cares for their opinion, makes them feel clever, treats people equally, stands up for them, makes allowances, tells the truth and is forgiving ( p. 3). Since last decade, there has been a worldwide focus on quality in education in many countries. Calls for quality teachers, quality outcomes and quality schools have become something of a mantra for politicians employing authorities and business leaders (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 402). K. Kennedy (2001) describes a quality  profession and a quality classroom teaching as two sides of the same coin. It is true that we want a need a â€Å"quality profession†. Yet it equally true that we need individual teachers who make up the profession to be committed to quality teaching [†¦]. What the profession as a whole says about standard of professional practice should come to life in individual classrooms (Kennedy, 2001). To produce world class teachers and empower them to educate generations of learners /scholars, the fundamental requirements have been clearly delineated in professional literature. It includes standards of what teachers need to know and be able to do. Professional Standards for Teachers Standard-setting and accreditation of teacher education are key mechanisms to ensure the quality of teacher training. Quality assurance requires Professional Standards of teacher education and an effective mechanism of teacher accreditation of teacher education institutions and programmes. Developing and implementing standards of professional practice to reflect a new model of teacher professionalism is emerging as a priority in a number of countries across the globe. Professional teaching standards help to make teachers’ knowledge and capabilities more explicit, as well as provide a powerful mechanism for defining and communicating what constitutes good teaching. They can also provide a useful framework for ongoing professional learning. Quality of teachers is reflected in their quality of teaching. To ensure quality in teaching, standards for what teachers should know and be able to do should be developed. The standards are used as the criteria for licensing or certification , recruitment, and career planning and development (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 414). Meaning of Standards The term â€Å"standards† can be used in at least two ways: firstly, standards are statements about what is valued – statements of principle; secondly, they are measures – levels or measures of performance. A standard, in the later sense â€Å"points to and describes a desirable level of performance† (Ingvarson L. , 2002). Sykes and Plastrik point out that the word ‘standard’, as in the second sense of a measure, carries different usages and nuances. One of these is the idea of a standard as a legally recognized unit, such as that of Greenwich Mean Time, or the Gold Standard, or the Standard Meter for length. Another is the notion of a standard as ‘an authoritative or  recognized exemplar of perfection’, such as the sacred books of a religious organization. Yet another usage refers to ‘a definite level of excellence, attainment, wealth or the like’ such as ‘standard of living’, standards of health or a particular level of proficiency’, as in playing the piano or conducting a hip replacement, for example (1993). There are two main types of standards as applied to teaching: The first defines the basic tasks or duties of a teacher – what a teacher is hired to do. These are the kinds of generic criteria that school administrators usually have authority to apply in appraising whether teachers are doing their basic job. †¦ The second are standards for good teaching specific to particular subject and curriculum fields. †¦ These standards are based on professional values and images of high quality learning specific to subject fields (Ingvarson L., 1998a, pp. 32-33). Standards are used in different ways in teaching profession. For example pre-service preparation and at the time of induction, they are used to select new members of the teaching profession (Selection Standards), to assess that what graduates from teacher education courses should know and able and to do (Standards for higher qualification in teaching), to assess the teacher preparation course and institutions (Accreditation standards), and to measure the performance for full entry to the profession after probationary year (Registration / Licensing Standards). Professional Standards for teachers are also used to improve continuing Professional Development (CPD). These standards may include Employer specific standards, where permanency still applies (Permanency / Tenure standards), Standards for periodic review of performance of contractual duties for retention or dismissal decisions (Accountability standards), Standards for self-analysis and reflection on practice (Appraisal Standards for Professional Development), Profession-wide standards for highly accomplished practice set by a professional body (Advanced Certification Standards) and Standards for career advancement specific to an employing authority (Promotion Standards) (Ingvarson L. 2002, p.3-6). History of Initiative or Development of Professional Standards There is considerable interest worldwide in the potential of professional teaching standards to support improvements in the quality of teaching and learning. This interest reflects the findings of  recent research on quality teaching (Darling-Hammond. 2000; Cuttance, 2001; Rivkin, Hanushek & Kain, 2000). The development of professional standards has proceeded with remarkable speed within a number of countries. Developments have been â€Å"driven by a diverse range of factors. It includes the demand for greater accountability, the desire to reform education, the need to strengthen teacher professional development and the introduction of teacher performance appraisal† (Mulcahy, 2003). A brief history of development of Professional Standards around the world United States of America At the national level, the establishment of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) has dominated discussion of professional standards in the United States. The National Board established in 1987 in response to the criticisms of teaching standards in â€Å"A Nation at Risk†, is credited as being the catalyst for action in the United States. The National Board’s mission was to establish rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do. The vast canopy of NBPTS standards of accomplished teaching is built on five core, underpinning propositions. (1) Teachers are committed to students and their learning; (2) Teachers know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students; (3) Teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning; (4) Teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from experience; and (5) Teachers are members of learning communities (NBPTS, 1987). Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC) is a consortium of state education agencies, higher education institutions, and national educational organisations dedicated to the reform of the education, licensing, and on-going professional development of teachers in the USA, which had also formulated the professional standards for teachers. INTASC’s mission is to promote standards-based reform through the development of model standards and assessments for beginning teachers (INTASC, 2006). In comparison with the National Board’s approach to developing standards, the INTASC standards are performance-based, that is they describe what teachers should know and be able to do rather than listing courses that teachers should take in order to be awarded a licence (Ibrahim & Ahmad, 2008, p. 418). Developed for purposes of licensing  beginning teachers, they do not differ markedly in knowledge or skills requirements from those used by the NBPTS for accredita tion of accomplished teachers. Where they do differ is in the expectation that accomplished teachers will be able to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in more refined ways (Ramsey, 2000, p. 22). The United Kingdom The issue of standards for teachers has been a focus of policy development in England for most of the last decade. Four separate agencies are now involved in the development, monitoring and accreditation of teachers against educational standards. They are; (1) The Teacher Training Agency (TTA) or Training and Development Agency (TDA); (2) Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED); (3) The General Teaching Council (GTC); (4) The Further Education National Training Organisation (FENTO). The General Teaching Council (GTC) was established by the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, started work on 1 September 2000 as the independent professional body for teaching in England. The Act gave effect to a long-held aspiration to give teaching the same status as other self-regulating professions, such as nursing. It set the GTC two aims: (1) to contribute to improving standards of teaching and the quality of learning, and (2) to maintain and improve standards of professional conduct among t eachers, in the interests of the public. The GTC code has been revised and is effective from September 2009. The Code describes professionalism in practice in relation to registered teachers: (1) Put the wellbeing, development and progress of children and young people first (2) Take responsibility for maintaining the quality of their teaching practice (3) Help children and young people to become confident and successful learners (4) Demonstrate respect for diversity and promote equality (5) Strive to establish productive partnerships with parents and carers (6) Work as part of a whole-school team (7) Co-operate with other professional colleagues (8) Demonstrate honesty and integrity and uphold public trust and confidence in the teaching profession (The General Teaching Council (GTC), 2009). Australia The issue of standards is under discussion in Australia since 1980’s. Professional Standards for teachers have been developed both at National and state/ province level after a long and continuous struggle. This Standard  movement can be divided into two parts. (1) First Phase of standards development (1980 – 1999), (2) Second Phase of standards development (21st Century). Most of the initial work on professional standards done in first period was the result of state government agencies or employers. However, no comparable professional standards for teachers were developed. Accreditation of teacher education programs, entry to and succession within the teaching profession was organized in line with the particular qualification or registration requirements within each State or Territory. Regulatory bodies for teachers within Australia were state-based (Mulchay & Jasman, 2003, p. 13). In the second phase of standards develop movement; the responsibility of developing pr ofessional standards was squarely placed with the profession. It was increasingly argued that standards should be generated by the teachers so that establishment of these standards would craft point of reference for teachers. Ingvarson (1998, p. 127) writing in the context of school teaching, argues that teaching standards â€Å"need to be embedded in the teaching of a particular subject if they are to be valid representations of expertise and useful guides to professional development† (as cited in Mulchay & Jasman, 2003, p. 16). The National Standards for Teachers (the Standards) in Australia has been validated and finalized by The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) in collaboration with The Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs (MCEECDYA) in 2010. The National Professional Standards for Teachers were endorsed by MCEECDYA in December 2010. The Standards represents an analysis of effective, contemporary practice by teachers throughout Australia. Their development included a synthesis of the descriptions of teachers’ knowledge, practice and professional engagement used by teacher accreditation and registration authorities, employers and professional associations (The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL), 2011). The seven Standards identify what is expected of teachers within three domains of teaching (Professional Knowledge, Professional Practice and Professional Engagement) within their four stages (Graduate, Proficient, Highly accomplished and Lead Teacher) of their careers . Teachers’ demonstration of the Standards will occur within their specific teaching context at their stage of expertise and reflect the learning requirements of the students they teach (AITSL, 2011). The Standards are;  (1): Know students and how they learn (2): Know the content and how to teach it (3): Plan for and implement effective teaching and learning (4): Create and maintain supportive and safe learning environments (5): Assess, provide feedback and report on student learning (6): Engage with professional learning (7): Engage professionally with colleagues, parents/carers and the community (AITSL, 2011, p. 5). Pakistan The Ministry of Education, with the cooperation of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the financial support of United States Agency for International Development (USAID), has developed National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan. These standards frame a vision of the qualifications Pakistan expects of its teachers. These expectations need to be of national concern because teachers are the heart of the nation’s effort to assure a better future for all children and youth (United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2011). These standards were launched on the 23 of February of 2009 and it is hoped that with them, a wider discussion on teacher quality will emerge and be accompanied by concrete actions dedicated to its improvement. The standards are; (1)Subject matter knowledge (2) Human growth and development (3) Knowledge of Islamic ethical values/social life skills (4) Instructional planning and strategies (5) Assessment (6) Learning environment (7) Effective communication and proficient use of information communication technologies (8) Collaboration and partnerships (9) Continuous professional development and code of conduct (10) Teaching of English as second/foreign language (ESL/EFL) (Government Of Pakistan, 2009). CONCLUSION Education is an essential need of life. The quality of life depends upon the quality of education. A quality education system depends upon the well qualified teachers. To measure the ability and performance of the teachers we need some basis and standards provide these bases for evaluation or comparison of teachers. Just like many other professions professional standards for teachers are being introduced in education in different countries of the world including Pakistan. The review of literature reveals that United States of America has a pioneering role in the development of these professional standards for teachers. In many western countries like  America and Australia these professional standards for teachers are being introduced by both public and private organizations, especially teachers’ organizations. These standards are of generic and specific types. The generic standards are introduced to general expected behavior of teachers. The specific standards are produced according to the needs of the specific subject. These standards are playing a crucial role to improve the quality of education. These standards are also motivating factor for teachers for their continuous professional development (CPD). In Pakistan these professional standards are recently introduced in 2009 by the federal ministry of Education government of Pakistan with the financial support of UNESCO and USAID under STEP project. These standards are in the process of implementation and several teachers’ organizations and NGOs are also closely monitoring and evaluating them. It is hoped that these standards may be used as agent of change for the betterment of education in Pakistan. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cuttance, P. (2001). The impact of teaching on student learning. , in: K. Kennedy (Ed.) Beyond the rhetoric: building a teaching profession to support quality teaching (Canberra, Australian College of Education) , 35-55. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: a review of state policy evidence. Seatle, WA: Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington). Delors, J., Mufti, L., Amagi, I., Carneiro, R., Chung, F., Geremek, B., Gorham, W., Kornhauser, A., Manley, M., Quero, M.P., Savane, M.A., Singh, K., Stavenhagen, R., Suhr, M.W., Won, M. & Nanzhao, Z. (1996). Learning: The treasure within: Report to UNESCO of the international commission on education for the twenty first century. Paris: UNESCO. Freire, D. M. (1987). Literacy: Reading the Word and World. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. Government Of Pakistan. (2009). National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan (NPST-2009). Islamabad: Ministry Of Education. Ibrahim, M. S., & Ahmad, A. R. (2008). An Analysis of Teacher Education Reforms Worldwide and the Need for the Introduction of the Teacher Professional Standards in the Contemporary Education Systems. SOSIOHUMANIKA , 401-426. Ingvarson, L. (1998a). Professional standards: A challenge for the AATE. English in Australia (122), 31-44. Ingvarson, L. (2002). Development of a national standards framework for the teaching profession. Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research. INTASC. (2006). INTASC Fact sheet. Washington D.C.: INTASC (Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium). Kennedy, K. ed. (2001). Beyond the Rhetoric: Building a Teaching Profession to Support Teaching. Canberra: College Year Book, Australian College of Educators. McBer, H. (2000). Research into teacher effectiveness – A model of teacher effectiveness. Report to the Department for Education and Employment. Mulcahy, D. (2003). Teaching standards and professionalism in TAFE: prospects, possibilities and pitfalls. Department of Education Policy and Management University of Melbourne . Mulchay, D., & Jasman, A. (2003). Towards the development of standards of professional practice for the Victorian TAFE teabing force. Melbourne: Office of Trainig and Tertiary Education. NBPTS [National Board for Professional Teaching Standards]. (1987). What Teachers Should Know and be Able t o Do. Detroit, MI: NBTPS Ramsey, G. (2000). â€Å"Quality Matters, Revitalising Teaching: Critical Times, Critical Choices†. Report of the Review of Teacher Education, NSW Dept. of Education and Training, Sydney, NSW. Rivkin, S., Hanushek, E., & Kain, J. (2000). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement, Working Paper 6691 (revised). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ross Ken. (2007). Quality and equity in basic education: can we have both?, IIEP Newsletter, July-September 2007. P .9 Sykes, G., & Plastrik, P. (1993). Standard setting as educational reform. Washington D.C: American Association of Colleges for Teachers of Education. The Austeralian Institute for teaching and School Leadership (AITSL). (2011). National Professional Standards for teachers, Australia: The Austeralian Institute for teaching and School Leadership. The General Teaching Council (GTC), (2009). CODE OF CONDUCT AND PRACTICE FOR REGISTERED TEACHERS, London: general Teaching Council for England. Unit ed Nation Educational scientiofic and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2011). UNESCO Islamabad, Retrieved September 2011, from Education / STEP: http://unesco.org.pk/education/step.html

buy custom Should Marijuana be Legalized essay

buy custom Should Marijuana be Legalized essay Marijuana refers to a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the hemp plant (Leonard 34). Its most common street names include the pot, herb, weed, grass, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, or chronic. All forms of marijuana contain delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the main active chemical in marijuana. Marijuana also contains more than 400 other chemicals (Leonard 38). The Effects of marijuana on any user depends on its strength or potency which on the other hand, depends on the amount of THC it contains. The THC content of Marijuana has been increasing since 1970s. This has been attributed to improvements in the available varieties (Leonard 40). Marijuana is usually smoked as cigarettes (joints) or in a pipe or a bong. With the growth of its use, it has often been combined with other drugs such as cocaine. How long the marijuana stays in the human body system, depends on the degree of usage also amount of the fatty tissue which tend to absorb THC rapidly. This varies from few days to several weeks. The main reasons for the marijuana use include the influence from brothers, sisters, friends, or even older family members using it. Others do it due to peer pressure, while others think its cool because they see it being used on TV and in movies. By 1979, more than 50 million people had tried it at least once. In addition, there have been increased consumption among adolescents and the young adults, although there has been a leveling-off in its final use among the high school seniors (National Reseach Council). Marijuana remains a controlled substance in almost all the countries globally. It has also not been approved by the FDA to treat any diseases or conditions. This can be attributed to a high potential for its abuse. Also, due to no current accepted medical use in the general United States marijuana remains a schedule I drug under the provisions of the controlled substances act of 1970 (McCollum 102). The usage of marijuana has been linked to the cancers of the tongue and larynx in the young people with the history of heavy marijuana use. This have however been based on very small numbers and therefore no cause and effect relationship. Marijuana also produces acute effects on the brain, including chemical and electrophysiological changes. It impairs motor coordination and affects tracking ability and sensory and perceptual functions. All these functions are necessary during driving and thus, its important for the drivers and operators of other machines to avoid it at all times.it also impairs short term memory and slows learning. Other serious effects include the feelings of euphoria and other mood changes, such as brief periods of anxiety, confusion, or psychosis (National Reseach Council 55). Contrary to the popular beliefs, there is no any conclusive evidence as to whether prolonged use of maijuana causes permanent changes in the nervous system or sustained impairment of the br ain functions and behaviors in human beings (National Reseach Council 60). Usage of the marijuana leads to the acute changes in the cardiovascular system. Evidence has shown that marijuana use increases the work of the heart, usually by raising heart rate and in some people raising the blood pressure. This poses considerable danger to patients with hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, and coronary atherosclerosis. Other risks involved with the use of marijuana include the increased risk for cancer of the respiratory tract (though no direct connection have been made), effects on the hormonal functions in females and males (Jacoby and Youngson 122). Cannabis has been used as medicine for a thousand of years (Iversen 37). Compendium of medicines Pen tsao first published around 2800 B.C. recommended cannabis for the treatment of constipation, gout, malaria, and rheumatism and menstrual problems. Chinese herbal medicine texts continued to advocate cannabis preparations for many centuries. Among other things, its pain relieving properties were exploited to relieve the pain of surgical operations (Iversen). The Indians also had a long history of using cannabis for medicinal purposes. For instance, the ancient medical text the Athera Veda, which dates from 2000-1400 B.C., mentions bhang (marijuana). Further reference is made to this writing of Panini (ca 300 B.C.). Cannabis was believed to possess sedative, cooling and febrifuge properties. In the ancient Ayurvedic system of medicine cannabis played an important role in Hindu material medica, and continues to be used by Ayurvedic practitioners today. In various medieval Ayurvedic texts, cannabis leaves and resin are recommended as decongestant, astringent, soothing, and capable of stimulating appetite and promoting digestion. Cannabis was also used to induce sleep and as an anesthetic for surgical operations.it was also considered to have aphrodisiac properties and was recommended for this purpose. (Iversen 122) In Arab medicine and in the Muslim India, frequent mention is also made of hashish (cannabis resin) and benj (marijuana). They were used to treat gonorrhea diarrhea, asthma and as an appetite stimulant and analgesic (Iversen 123). In Indian folk medicine, bhang (marijuana) and ganja (cannabis resin) were recommended as stimulants to improve staying power under the conditions of severe exertion or fatigue. Poultices applied it to the wounds and sores were believed to promote healing, when applied to the areas of inflammation (e.g., Piles) to act as an anodyne and sedative (Jacoby and Youngson 200). Extracts of ganja were used to promote sleep and to treat painful neuralgias, migraines and menstrual pain. Numerous concoctions containing cannabis extracts togeether with various other herbal medicines continue to be used in rural Indian folk medicine today, with a variety of different medical indications including dyspepsia, diarrhea, sprue, dysentery, fever, renal colic, dysmenorrhea, cough, and asthma. There have been claims of cannabis consumption with aphrodisiacs. The consumption of cannabis based medicines has been in a reduction for quite some time in the recent years among the Indian populations. This can be attributed to the general availability of western medicines also due to degradation of the THC on storage. In medieval Europe cannabis or hemp was used as a healing plant in herbals such as those by William Turner, Mattioli, and Dioscobas Taberemontanus. In one of the most famous herbals, written by Nicholas Culpepper (1616-1654) recommended that: an emulsion of decoction of the seed, eases the colic and always the troublesome humour in the bowels and stays bleeding at the mouth, nose and other places. (Iversen 123). In the middle of 19th century an Irish doctor, William OShaughnessy, serving with the Bengal Medical Service of the East India Company, studied the effects of marijuana in animals to establish what doses could be tolerated. His experiments confirmed that cannabis usage was remarkably safe. He noted that despite many escalation of the doses cannabis didnt kill any mice, rat or the rabbit on which he was experimenting on. After that, he experimented on patients suffering from seizures, rheumatism, tetanus, and rabies and found that cannabis could relieve pain and act as a muscle relaxant and an anticonvulsant.at the end of the study OShaugnesssey was brave enough to recommend cannabis, particularly as an, anticonvulsive remedy of the greatest value. In addition, voters in the states in the United States share the view in favor of proposals to make cannabis, including smoked marijuana, available for therapeutic use. Despite its hard line on the unscientific nature of smoked marijuana as a medicine, the American Medical Association report (1997) nevertheless recommended adequate and well controlled studies of smoked marijuana be conducted in patients who had serious conditions. For which preclinical anecdotal, or controlled evidence suggests possible advantage including AIDS wasting syndrome, severe acute or delayed emesis induced by chemo therapy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, dystonia and neuropathic pain. These numerous medicinal usage of cannabis outweighs the few disadvantages involved by the recreational use of it. It's therefore important for the appropriate rules and policies regulating the usage of it be enacted and passed into laws. This will allow more studies to be conducted on cannabis which may eventually lead to the discovery of more of cannabis. Buy custom Should Marijuana be Legalized essay

Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay Example

Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay Example Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay Cocoa trees in an African plantation Essay If you want to feed the people of the third world eat chocolate. Discuss. Human use of the cocoa bean can be traced back to around 600 BC where it was used as part of an ingredient in a hot, liquid beverage consumed by the Mayans in Central America. Around 2 millennia later, in 1491 AD, Christopher Columbus introduced cocoa into Spain. Columbus had discovered these seemingly dull and un-important beans during his expeditions to the Americas where at this time cocoa was being drunk by the Aztecs, in much the same way as it had been by the Mayans. There was one difference though, chocolatl (meaning warm liquid) was a regal drink and very few people, mainly only the Emperor, ever had the chance to taste it; let alone the actual people who cultivated the bean. This situation appears to have remained the same for over 500 years, but just broadened to an international scale. In terms of the chocolate industry we are very much a global microcosm of the Aztec society. In England the average person will spend $98 per year on chocolate. 7 years ago the European chocolate industry was valued at $18,463 billion. Chocolate is a multinational industry and is sold everywhere in the world. However, chocolate has humble beginnings. Grown in many places from The Ivory Coast to Indonesia to Brazil, cocoa often starts its existence in poverty. Poor cocoa farmers in these countries grow acres of cocoa trees in plantations similar to the one in Figure 1. Cocoa farming does not depend on seasons, the countries that grow cocoa tend to have equatorial climates with evenly distributed annual rainfall. Fig. 1 Cocoa trees in an African plantation. So, with an all year round growing season it takes an expert eye to recognise by appearance which fruits are ripe. When these pods are identified they are removed one way or another dependant of their location on the cocoa tree. Machetes are now used to open each pod; a worker who is proficient with a machete can open up to 500 pods per hour. 20 to 50 cream coloured beans can now be removed from the pods; the husks and membranes are discarded. A dried bean from an average pod weighs around 50g. Around 400 of these beans are needed to make a pound of chocolate. This means that approximately 20kg of dried cocoa beans are needed to make 450g of chocolate (or one pound of chocolate). The beans are then usually piled into heaps in the sun and covered with leaves to ferment for 3 to 9 days, this removes the bitter taste from the cocoa. When the bean appears a rich brown colour they are ready to be dried. Drying varies from country to country depending on the weather they experience but the method tends to be simplistic and natural. When the beans are dry they are sacked (to the weight of anything from 55kg to 90kg) and stored in the shipping centres to await buyers. Presuming the cocoa is going to a chocolate producer the beans are shipped to the manufacturer and stored very carefully. If the beans come into contact with strong odours they tend to absorb an off-flavour. The beans are thoroughly cleaned as a precaution and then weighed. To develop the beans chocolate taste they are roasted in large rotary cylinders for varying amounts of time at around 140 degrees Celsius. The beans are quickly cooled and have their shells removed by a winnowing machine that passes the beans along serrated cones that crack the thin shell. The product is the nib which is about 53% cocoa butter. The nibs are now ground to create enough frictional heat in order to turn them into chocolate liquor, which is poured into moulds and allowed to solidify. Ingredients are added accordingly at this point depending on the desired chocolate end product. The mixture becomes dough like and is passed under rollers to make it into a thin paste ready for conching. Conchings function is to develop the flavour of the chocolate by mechanical kneading for hours or even days, this is often replaced or supplemented by the emulsification of the mixture to break up sugar crystals resulting in a smoother chocolate. When finished the chocolate is tempered with interval heating, then cooled and then reheated so it can be cast into the shape of the final product. The chocolate is packaged and then distributed. Two major chocolate manufacturers are Cadburys and Nestle, both of these companies have their names inserted into chocolate history; John Cadbury was the first person to produce solid eating chocolate through the development of fondant chocolate in 1842 and Henri Nestle created the first milk chocolate by adding milk in 1875. Both companies now dominate the chocolate industry internationally. Chocolate manufacture is widespread and there are countless numbers of companies: Lindt, Toblerone, Mars and Aeschbach Chocolatier to name but a few. These companies are all multinational, their various branches (such as supply, manufacture, marketing and distribution) are located throughout the world. Certain individual aspects of the MNCs, however, tend to follow certain inclinations; suppliers of cocoa are always found in equatorial less economically developed countries (LEDCs) such as Ghana and Cameroon, factories of the chocolate MNCs are usually located in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) or the nation of origin, eg. Britain and Switzerland. Fig. 3 A world map showing cocoa producing areas of the world The production of chocolate, as we know, starts with the harvest of beans in the countries that produce cocoa, these can be seen in Figure 3. I will be analysing three of these countries: Ghana (Central Africa), Brazil (South America) and Belize (Central America), two of which are in the top five cocoa producing nations of the world (Ghana is second and Brazil is fourth). All three of these countries are LEDCs, and they are all situated around the equator as seen on Figure 2. This means that they have an equatorial climate, these climatic conditions produce high temperatures throughout the year, usually with a temperature range of less than three degrees Celsius. Rainfall throughout the year is heavy, normally over 2000mm annually, and most equatorial countries have an intense, punctual and daily precipitation. Figure 4 is a climate graph of a typical equatorial country, we can see how conditions remain much the same throughout the year meaning that plants that can survive under these circumstances can grow all year round. Fig. 4 A typical climatic graph of an equatorial country. One of these plants is Theobroma cacao, seen in Figure 1, which is commonly known as a cocoa tree. This tree is native to Brazil yet it is now grown along the equator in many different countries. The conditions required for the cocoa tree are fairly demanding and the areas of cultivation lie only within 20 degrees latitude of the equator. Further still within this latitude a temperature range of 21-32 is required, rainfall is largely insignificant as long as the soil is capable of retaining moisture. So we can see from Figure 4 that equatorial countries provide ideal and all year round growing conditions for the cocoa tree. As mentioned earlier all three of these countries (and every other equatorial country) are LEDCs, or less developed in relation to other nations of the world. Figure 5 presents us with a table outlining the basic properties of Ghana, Brazil and Belize that give an indication of the level of development within them compared with an MEDC; the United States of America. Fig. 5 A table comparing equatorial LEDCs with an MEDC. We can see from Figure 5 that the division between LEDC and MEDC is fairly obvious (Particularly in the case of GNP), Ghana is the least developed out of our three equatorial countries. We have briefly analysed three cocoa producing countries, but what about chocolate producing countries? The United Kingdom is an MEDC, it is a major global producer of chocolate and also a main consumer. In the UK people have a comparatively high standard of living, the GNP per capita is $18,882 and a life expectancy of 77 years. The UK has been producing chocolate well over 100 years, Britain was the first country in the world to create and distribute solid eating chocolate and many modern chocolate MNCs, such as Mars, Cadburys and Nestle, have their headquarters or factories in the UK. The UK produces around 545,095 metric tonnes of chocolate per year, the individual UK chocolate market having been valued at around i 6 billion. As a nation the UK spends i 3. 9 billion per annum on chocolate confectionary. These figures give us an insight as to just how much of an important role Britain plays in the chocolate industry. We are now familiar with the equatorial LEDCs climatic conditions, which are (excepting Hawaii) the only environmental circumstances that support the cultivation of the cocoa tree. We also know about the level of chocolate consumption and production that currently exists globally. So rationality would infer that these equatorial countries effectively dominating the cocoa market should be rolling in it. Yet we also know that these countries remain LEDCs, some stricken with poverty and disease. At this point reason intervenes and we must realise that somewhere someone or something is cheating these small-scale cocoa producers. Cocoa production is an unsophisticated, un-mechanised and primitive industry, it is labour- intensive so cacao plantation owners normally employ workers when they are harvesting. Cocoa growers are not always poverty-stricken, some are extremely wealthy if they own enough plantations, but the people who work on the cocoa are plantations are invariably poor. Figure 6 is a house in Accra, the capital of Ghana, this represents the sort of living conditions that Ghanaian cocoa workers have. Behind that house is a Ghanaian luxury villa, of the sort that our rich, cacao plantation owners would inhabit. Fig. 6 Juxtaposing living conditions in Accra, Ghana. Plantation owners affect their workers quality of existence directly by how much they pay them, whether they themselves are rich or poor. In the equatorial LEDCs of study there is no minimum wage for workers; they are paid as little or as much as employers deem necessary, but there is also no minimum price for cocoa. Cocoa is a freely traded global commodity and its price is determined by the current supply and demand, previous attempts at establishing a minimum price for cocoa via the International Cocoa Agreements and the World Bank have failed and there were inter-governmental agreements to liberalise the market. This means that like the wages of plantation workers, cocoa prices can be as high or as low as buyers want them. This is a problem for both small and large plantation owners; some plantations are small family run businesses that do not employ workers so the price of cocoa can be directly detrimental or beneficial to them. In Ghana, for instance, the majority of cocoa sales goes through the district government which purchase the cocoa from growers and then sell it to manufacturers. These government organisations cheat the cocoa growers by altering the scales and paying a lower price for the cocoa in order to make a larger profit. The chocolate MNCs play a massive part in determining the lives of all the previously mentioned people. The cocoa growers depend on their demand for the bean; if the MNCs reduce their demand or turn to suppliers with lower prices then these people can lose their ability to earn money and even their homes. I will return to the MNCs later but we first have to acknowledge that cocoa growers standard of living is not always determined by factors under human control. El Nio is a disruption of the oceanic-atmospheric system in the tropical Pacific that can have detrimental consequences both locally and globally. El Nii o is the abnormal warming of these oceanic waters, which is on part of a see-saw process called the Southern Oscillation. This is the reversing surface air pressure between the eastern and western tropical Pacific, the opposite phenomenon is called La Nii o but is not a damaging to the weather as El Nii o. El Nii o causes irregular weather patterns across the world, it disrupts water temperatures, changes temperatures and can bring heavy rain or drought.

Death penalty should not be abolished essays

Death penalty should not be abolished essays The death penalty, probably the most controversial of all legal punishments for prisoners, its the one that I have to write about now. For some people is the perfect solution as a punishment, for others its a cruel way to take revenge. Lets take a look to the penalty. What it basically is about is to take the worst scum of society and by any means kill it (because can be male or female). The penalty has many ways to take effect, there is the electrical chair, in which a 20,000 or more volt current is passed through the body until the individual dies; the gas chamber which basically the prisoner is seated in a small chamber and then the chamber is then flooded with toxic gas; and like this there are many ways. In Guatemala weve had only two ways of death penalty, execution and lethal injection. For me the best way was the execution method because on the lethal injection method, the prisoner is put down to sleep before he dies, so he doesnt feel a thing. Instead in the execution method, in spite of its an ugly scene, the prisoner felt every shot that were like fifteen shots. Now, people say Oh! Poor guy or It didnt meant to do it, spare his life but they are only seeing the half filled glass, because on the other side of the story, the prisoner could have killed a 6 month old baby or raped a 7 year old girl, before killing her, so it would be a life filled with tension moments for the parents of the victim only to know that the killer or rapper is still alive and could escape or get free on parole and strike again. The most amazing story of a prisoner who still is alive and, if it werent for the state abolition of this penalty, he would be executed, is the famous Charlie Manson story. He tortured and killed thirteen persons in one night, including 2 Hollywood stars. He got life in prison and the family of the victims, right now; its probable that ...

Is the United Nations in need of reform and if so, in what form should Essay

Is the United Nations in need of reform and if so, in what form should such reform take - Essay Example It comprises of 192 member countries across the globe, with its headquarters in New York. The existence of United Nations dates back to World War II with the objectives to unite all the countries of the universe in order to work in correlation with tranquility and harmony, which must consist on the ideology of fair dealing, respect of humanity, and fulfillment of the fundamental rights of the people2. United Nations aimed to bring the countries closer so that they can work in coordination to develop friendly relations and address the common issues with gravity. The working of the assembly is not restricted to the decisions of any monarch, thus, every county possess the same and equal rights to give their opinions and viewpoints in any discussion happening in the general assembly of the United Nations3. A global body formed in early 1900s, known to be the League of Nations was the key stakeholder to sustain equanimity and placidity in the world, as well as maintaining the coordination amongst the global community. This parent body proved to be flourishing with 58 members across the globe with the prime motive to encourage and endorse worldwide collaboration in order to bring the world under one roof through unity and peace. With the increasing power and control of the Axis Powers over the world, the League got an alarming sign and its success started to fade and declined slowly, thus, resulting in the Second World War. During the World War II, United Nations came to an existence with an official announcement in order to bring the counties in association to each other. Initially, the UN consisted of 51 member countries, which then rose to 192 members at a later stage4. United Nations came under development with a goal to alleviate poverty and raise the living standards of the masses on global basis. It also determined to raise the literacy rate and abate the spread of diseases and environmental degradation to make the world a better place to live. United Nations aimed to support and cushion the under developed countries to lift their economies, build up the social sector and back them to move ahead towards success5. To achieve these objectives, UN designed a set of values, which the member countries were to abide by. United Nations strictly abhorred the violence and tyranny, instead they promoted calm and diplomatic methods to solve the problems, and therefore, member countries came under expectation to settle down rivalries and sensitive matters with serenity. UN made an obligation on all the members to comply with the agreements made between them, and the parent body did not participate in any government activity or personal matter of the member state6. The working of UN depends upon five subdivisions. The first division is the UN General Assembly, whose prime job is to maintain the standards of its guidelines and procedures and always have a room for improvements through suggestions. The assembly has a president who comes under appointme nt from its member states. The second subdivision is the UN Security Council, which has the right to penalize the member countries if they do not follow the rules and regulations that comes under development by the assembly, they also have the decision making power during any sort of disagreements between the member states. Therefore, it comes under consideration as the strongest amongst all the other branches7. The third branch is the International Court of Justice, which is

The challenge of police leadership Research Paper

The challenge of police leadership - Research Paper Example amongst the team, the importance of empowering employees, the importance of making decisions with consensus, and the importance of the implementation of actions in the transparent way is highly important for becoming successful leaders. The police department also needs good leadership skills to control the law and order in the society and community (Tully 1999). The leadership skills required by the police force of any country are faced by many challenges. The biggest challenge is to control the people and make sure that everyone obeys the law. Those that are violating the laws need to be dealt in a stern way by the police (Tully 1999). Challenges with police leadership also lie in controlling the performances of the employees and delegating those tasks according to their potential and ability. The police leaders also need to control their subordinates in an effective manner so that all the subordinates conduct their duties in the manner required. Delegating orders to the subordinates by the leaders of police is a very commanding and autonomous task. It needs to be conducted with careful reviews so that all the goals and objectives are attained successfully by the department of police (Guest 2002). The leaders need to ensure that commitment and dedication is present in the employees of the police department so that when critical tasks are assigned to them, it can be ensured that the task will be carried out well by the employees. The leaders need to listen to the problems of the subordinates and other employees. If employee problems and views are considered there are high chances that successful police leadership can be attained as all employees would be willingly working hard to achieve successful results (Gilmartin and John 1998). There are ethical challenges faced by the police leadership. Bribery is one of the common things observed in the police departments. The leaders of the police department should ensure that they don’t get involved into any

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Hamlet - Essay Example Readers will see imperfections of his character in all his careful actions and manipulation of events and people in order to avenge the death of his father and reclaim his honor. His actions, one of them feigning lunacy, as Shakespeare has shown, when Hamlet said to Horatio, â€Å"Here, as before, never, so help you mercy, How strange or odd soeer I bear myself (As I perchance hereafter shall think meet To put an antic disposition on) (1.5.925) was done in order to distract and confuse Claudius and his men. This proved to be both of an advantage and a flaw. His antics bought Hamlet time to think about what to do in order to manipulate Claudius into confessing, directly or indirectly his hand in Hamlet’s father’s death but the reactions of people made him over think about his plans of revenge. His ability to over think, which was shown in Hamlet’s soliloquy (3.1.1,750) and inability to act on things result his will being crippled, sinking to inaction while Claudius reigns secure (John Russel, 13) and also resulted to his own confusion. His being indecisive and his inability to act on his desires, or even the suspension of his planned action proved to be one of his character flaws. â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now he is praying; And now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven; And so am I revenged. That would be scannd: A villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven† (3.3.2356-2360). This was his chance to avenge his father’s death but he had second thoughts about it. He was so affected by melancholy which resulted to low self-esteem and doubt in himself that either made him suicidal as Hamlet said "O that this too sullied flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into dew, Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon against self-slaughter" (1.2.333-336) or so enraged to resort to murder. "How now, a rat? Dead for a ducat, dead†¦ A bloody deed - almost as bad, good mother, As kill a king and

People and work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People and work - Assignment Example This company is Highway Stores Ltd and we would see the nature of HRM this organization follows. Here in this company the department that handles all the employee related matters is referred to as Personnel Department though it should be noted that the training policies are maintained and looked over by other departments. The head office in Midlands of Highway Stores Ltd controls the Personnel Function and here the hierarchy is formulated in three fold structures with three Personnel Administrators, one Personnel Officer and one Personnel Manager who is directly responsible for the department. Collaboration sense prevails with the department indulge in looking after different personnel duties that include all issues related to employees. Like training the payroll issue is looked after by the Finance department and the Personnel function is responsible to repot all issues relation to these to the Legal Director of the Highway Stores Ltd. Therefore, it could be stated that the responsibilities of the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is limited in many sense among which the training sector which is so important to the HRM is detached from the overhead. This would lead to substantial problem in future as the training modules are formulated only for the store workers and not for the personnel working at the head office. This would ultimately lead to a sense of discrimination in the context of future communication system. This leads to a situation where there needs to be a problem solving overhead for Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. The absence of such a department only could add fuel to the probable problems to arise in future. However there is a standardized internal policy that provides a tentative guideline if needed. Absence of a clearly laid down policy as well as lack of contact over the training procedures sets a field of probable problem that could cause trouble in future within Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. It is also found in Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. that this lack of needed training proves to be of a huge disadvantage whereas this problem is confronted by only the manager who is blissfully qualified in this sense. But this imbalance of knowledge would ultimately cause further drift within the department; at least theoretically there is the potential within the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. Another problem at Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is the personnel leave and sickness issue. This is another weak point of the department. This is because the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is responsible of keeping record of personnel leave due to sickness which exceeds more than six weeks but apart form this record the department is not responsible for any other records of employees who remain absent for reasons other than sickness. Moreover, records are not maintained if the employee is absent less than six weeks. This proves to be a fatal disadvantage of records by the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. and the basic effectiveness of maintaining a HRM is mostly lost. But the most interesting and wearisome problem of the Personnel Fun

Atoms of metals and LIDAR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Atoms of metals and LIDAR - Essay Example pag). LIDAR is a remote sensing technology that can measure distances or properties of a material by laser illumination (Sanderson n. pag.). Origin of metal atoms in the atmosphere Normally, meteoroids enter the Earth’s atmosphere between 11 to 72 kilometres per second. Friction between the meteor and air molecules in the upper atmosphere generates enough heat to disintegrate it to particles less than 1mm in diameter. These particles are deposited at an altitude of 70 to 140 km in the upper atmosphere (Von Zahn, Hoffner and McNeil, 149). McNeil, Lai and Murad acknowledged the fact that meteoric material is the most significant source of metal atoms in the upper atmosphere. However, the amount of metal atoms in the atmosphere differs from the amount present in the meteor itself. This is attributed to the process known as differential ablation. Differential ablation suggests that more volatile metals vaporize earlier than less volatile metal components in a meteorite. Comparison between sodium, magnesium, and calcium ablation revealed that sodium is the most volatile of the three elements. Thus, sodium ablates at a much higher altitude. On the other hand, calcium ablates at a much lower altitude. Therefore, the rate of conversion of elemental calcium into compounds in the lower atmosphere is the primary cause of calcium ion depletion (10899-10911). Aside from sodium, metallic atoms of potassium, lithium, calcium and iron make up the rest of the metal atom layer in the mesosphere. The discovery of other metal constituents started in 1973. Potassium ions detected through the use of ruby-laser-pumped dye laser components calibrated at 769.9 and 766.5 nanometres. Lithium ions were identified using a flashlamp-pumped dye laser calibrated at 670.8 nanometres with 800 millijoules output pulse energy. Calcium was detected with a dye laser calibrated at 422.7 nanometres (Abo 315). Thin layers of sodium, calcium and iron have been detected by LIDAR in the upper atmo sphere. These layers range from 100 metres to several kilometres thick and usually superimpose on a background layer 10 kilometres thick. Despite efforts to ascertain the origins of sporadic layers, no single scientific explanation was accepted (Clemesha 725). Chemical role of metal atoms in the atmosphere The formation of metal layers in the upper atmosphere has been instrumental in several vital atmospheric processes. Rapp and Thomas have confirmed the role of mesospheric metal layers in the formation of noctilucent clouds through the nucleation of ice particles in the upper atmosphere (715-744). Murphy, Thomson and Mahoney investigated the composition of aerosol particles in the stratosphere and discovered the existence of meteoric particles in stratospheric aerosol. Thus a link was suggested between mesospheric metal particles and the condensation of stratospheric sulphate aerosols (1664-1669). Atmospheric observation over the South Pole was initiated through LIDAR to measure th e seasonal variations of the mesospheric sodium and iron layer. The polar annual mean abundance is almost equal to mid-latitude readings while the mean centroid height is 100 metres higher for sodium and 450 metres higher for

People and work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People and work - Assignment Example This company is Highway Stores Ltd and we would see the nature of HRM this organization follows. Here in this company the department that handles all the employee related matters is referred to as Personnel Department though it should be noted that the training policies are maintained and looked over by other departments. The head office in Midlands of Highway Stores Ltd controls the Personnel Function and here the hierarchy is formulated in three fold structures with three Personnel Administrators, one Personnel Officer and one Personnel Manager who is directly responsible for the department. Collaboration sense prevails with the department indulge in looking after different personnel duties that include all issues related to employees. Like training the payroll issue is looked after by the Finance department and the Personnel function is responsible to repot all issues relation to these to the Legal Director of the Highway Stores Ltd. Therefore, it could be stated that the responsibilities of the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is limited in many sense among which the training sector which is so important to the HRM is detached from the overhead. This would lead to substantial problem in future as the training modules are formulated only for the store workers and not for the personnel working at the head office. This would ultimately lead to a sense of discrimination in the context of future communication system. This leads to a situation where there needs to be a problem solving overhead for Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. The absence of such a department only could add fuel to the probable problems to arise in future. However there is a standardized internal policy that provides a tentative guideline if needed. Absence of a clearly laid down policy as well as lack of contact over the training procedures sets a field of probable problem that could cause trouble in future within Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. It is also found in Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. that this lack of needed training proves to be of a huge disadvantage whereas this problem is confronted by only the manager who is blissfully qualified in this sense. But this imbalance of knowledge would ultimately cause further drift within the department; at least theoretically there is the potential within the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. Another problem at Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is the personnel leave and sickness issue. This is another weak point of the department. This is because the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. is responsible of keeping record of personnel leave due to sickness which exceeds more than six weeks but apart form this record the department is not responsible for any other records of employees who remain absent for reasons other than sickness. Moreover, records are not maintained if the employee is absent less than six weeks. This proves to be a fatal disadvantage of records by the Personnel Function department of Highway Stores Ltd. and the basic effectiveness of maintaining a HRM is mostly lost. But the most interesting and wearisome problem of the Personnel Fun

Matriarchy versus Patriarchy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Matriarchy versus Patriarchy - Research Paper Example Such a society implies male privilege and rule, and entails women's subordination (Asadi 4). Most patriarchal societies are as well patrilineal, indicating that only males inherit the title and property. Women, in a patriarchal society are matriarchal. On the other hand, matriarchy is a social system in which women or older females are the headers of their families. In such societies, women determine relationships and descent and they play major roles in the government. Currently, many religions believe that males should be the leaders in their families and society and both children and women must obey to their authorities (Asadi 72). The main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast how women are presented, treated and importance in different religious. The content of this paper compares and contrasts women treatment in Islamic and Christian religions. Women treatment in Christianity and Islam Religions Throughout the religious history, men believe that they are more superio r to women in most diverse religions (Eller 121). Is this belief true in Islam or Christianity religions? In Christianity view, a woman's role is different from other religions since their roles are equal to those of males. In Galatians chapter 3 verse 28, Apostle Paul writers, â€Å"in Christ there is neither female nor male in Christ, Greek or Jew†¦Ã¢â‚¬  all human beings are equal before Christ. However, the two religions have expressively denied accepting the significant roles that women can influence in the society. Despite the advent of civilization, the prevalence of male chauvinism has served to suffice the importance of women in the society. Majority of the people professing the two religions hold that women are subjects to their husbands and they can never be equal. Similarities In both religions of Islamic women and Christian women, worship is a vital part of their responsibilities although the reasons behind this worshiping differ. Women from Islamic religion wors hip by adhering to a schedule of prayer and fasting, therefore, after their death, their good actions and ability to keep the Islamic laws, will enable the women enter â€Å"paradise† (Kanra 111). While Islamic men in â€Å"Paradise† are assured the company of various virgins for their pleasures, Koran does not offer much information for those women who afford their way in. It is evident that Islamic men derive the assurance that they will dominate the women in paradise since it is the case on earth while still the women are knowledgeable of passing into paradise as virgins to become subjects to their men. On the other hand, Christian women love God because He initially showed love to them. God offered is only beloved son, Jesus Christ, to die on the cross for the sinners since they were unable to earn any of the heavenly grace. Similarly, Christian women worship God through praying and fasting, but this is practiced in response to God’s commandments, and not fo r earning God’s favor (Kanra 42). A Christian woman is always aware of the awesome ease of acquiring God’s favor. As Jesus Christ said in John chapter 3 verse 16, â€Å"whoever believes in me shall not perish, but have everlasting life†. Christian women worship and praise the Lord to enable them to enter the Kingdom of heaven after death. Further, Christian women abide by Biblical teachings in order to draw God’s favor and become certain of the resurrection after death and acquisition of eternal life in paradise. In both religions, women play a major role of taking care of their husbands and children. They have the role of preparing and serving meals for their husbands and children. Women are only supposed to concentrate with home duties such as

Effect of Media on Eating Habits Essay Example for Free

Effect of Media on Eating Habits Essay Currently this is a serious and growing concern for public health officials, registered dietitians, and families interested in living their day to day lives in a healthy manner. Youth are at the highest risk. According to the National Health Examination Survey, children ages 11-13 have highest rate of daily television viewing (Brown, 2008, p. 316). In a 2007 study, children were more likely to be overweight when they watched more television (Gable, Chang Krull, 2007). Currently, the second leading cause of actual death according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention is poor diet and physical inactivity (Schneider, 2006, p. 270). Trends that lead to poor diet and physical inactivity, eventually obesity in adults and children alike, stem from habits that form early on in childhood. This creates an endless cycle that perpetuates from generation to generation. Obesity is currently an issue that threatens the majority of Americans and its prevalence has increased substantially in the last three decades (Schneider, 2006, p. 72). It’s caused by a number of different factors including genetics, physical inactivity, and poor eating habits. Two of the three factors noted can be strongly associated with television media. A study conducted at the University of Minnesota in 2009 found an increased incidence of eating in front of the television was primarily due to advertising and reduced metabolic rate in adolescence (Barr-Anderson, Larson Nelson, 2009). Reduced metabolic rate decreases one’s need for calories. Individuals of this demographic typically don’t take this fact into consideration and eat as much as before their exposure to television was such a significant part of their daily routine. This tendency leads to unwanted and unnecessary weight gain. Increased weight has shown to elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and most kinds of cancer not to mention obesity (Schneider, 2006, p. 270). A less commonly recognized phenomena related to this issue is that people don’t know what healthy choices are and in turn, they are more likely to fall victim to any temptations set before them. These enticements are provided most commonly by television media advertising directed at less educated, more easily influenced audiences. For example, inexpensive fast food that is a particularly popular type of advertising might seem like a logical source of food for some families that do not have access to, or know anything better. Environment There are many problems that make up this complex and layered situation. Many social, cultural and economic factors contribute to these dietary patterns and eating habits that develop over a lifetime (Schneider, 2006, p. 77). The amount of time children spend with different sources of media from: television, film, video games, and computer or online media is exceedingly taking up the greater part of their time. With the average five and a half hours children spend using media on a daily basis, the only thing they spend more time doing is sleeping (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004). From age two to twenty, only eighteen years, that adds up to over 29,900 hours spent with media and 1. 8 times more than the 16,000 hours spent in school grades k-12 (Grossberg, 2006, p. 93). That equals out to approximately 20 hours per week according to a study done in 2006 (Francis Birch, 2006). Not only in the time spent exposed to media is a risk factor for children, but the way in which the media is consumed is also a major contributor to this situation. In the home, if there is a lack of parental control monitoring children’s media exposure, children are then at a higher risk of being influenced. Children heavily influenced by the media have the ability to manipulate how money is spent and savvy companies see them as the consumers to be targeted (Peregrin, 2001, p. 6). Children sometimes even spend their own money on the products they see repeatedly reinforced around them. Advertisers use this well known fact to target children because they know the powerful influence children can have on their parents purchasing decisions (Peregrin, 2001, p. 56). In an article written in 2001, Registered Dietitian, Adrienne Dorf expressed her opinion about educating childr en who are exposed to excessive media. She emphasized the need to explain the difference between television programs and commercials to children who may not be able to differentiate the two. Dorf urged parents to explain the idea of sales and the fact that the food advertised via commercials may not be the best for our bodies. Dietary habits form over a lifetime and are greatly influenced by the social environment and family setting as well as the media (Schneider, 2006, p. 277). From time to time parents struggle with taking their children into the supermarket for groceries just because they don’t want to fight about what the new craze is in sugary cereal or what unhealthy snack crackers are showing more commercials on television or the latest cartoon characters face on their box. It is a common to see a mother or father who gives in to please their child when he or she throws a tantrum in the middle of the aisle to get something they want. This repeated action can be a detrimental in the long run if it persists and continues. Impact Food industries have a goal to sell as much of their product to the public as possible. They will do anything they can to encourage American’s to eat and spend more money on any of their products. Most food advertised is high in fat, sugar, and salt leading to children in the grocery store begging their parents for candy and unhealthy snack foods (Borzekowski Robinson, 2001). Foods advertised taste â€Å"good† resulting in advertisements publicizing foods with high amounts of sugar, fat, and salt towards younger generations. For example, fast foods and high sugar cereals are two of the most commonly publicized items during children’s programming. Studies have shown that children under the age of 6 years of age cannot distinguish between television programming as opposed to commercial advertising (Borzekowski Robinson, 2001). The primary problem is that children who spend excessive amounts of time exposed to television media are more likely to be overweight. According to the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort (NLSY) a strong dose-response relationship was found between television viewing and the prevalence of overweight (Brown, 2008, p. 316). Adolescents from 10 to 15 years old who reported watching more than 5 hours of television per day had greater odds of having a BMI in the 85th percentile (Brown, 2008, p. 316).

Goal Setting Theory in the Workplace

Goal Setting Theory in the Workplace Goal setting theory has become one of the most popular theories in organizational physiology (Goal Setting Theory 2006). It has been around since the early 1800s for the purpose of achievement (Goal Setting Theory has Become One of the Most Popular Theories in Organizational Physiology n.d.). However, Edwin A. Locke further examined goal setting theory in the mid-1960s for over 30 years and came out with some researches on his on regarding the impact that goals have on individual as well as on the companies that practice it (Goal Setting Theory has Become One of the Most Popular Theories in Organizational Physiology n.d.). Goal setting is basically a set of skills that involves in using goals in a particular ways to achieve variety of results (Goal Setting 1996). As goal setting theory has received a lot of feedback on its effectiveness application, the purpose of this essay is to critically examine the effective application of goal setting theory towards individual as well as toward the companies who practice it. Employee motivation is a crucial task for upper level management team. In order for  Ã‚   employees to value-add their company, they must be first, highly motivated and proactive too. In a number of researches, it is to believe that by implementing goal setting theory in a company can lead to the increase of motivation of an employee. Goal setting can be a very powerful way to motivate people (Lockes Goal Setting Theory 2000) and according to Burton, Weinberg and Yukelson (1998), in order to increase motivation in a company, goal setting can be the technique recommended. This is because it is believed that by implementing goal setting in a company can shape a persons behavior to be more motivated in achieving goals (Locke and Latham 1990). When employees are assigned by their upper level management team in achieving certain goals or targets, they will be motivated to achieve them because this is the time that they can prove themselves to the company that they can be relied upon. Un der the Lockes Goal Setting Theory, Locke believed that there are 5 principles of goal setting and in order to be motivated, goals must be taken into consideration the degree of clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback and task complexity (Lockes Goal Setting Theory 2000). Goal setting theory claimed to be one of the most powerful ways to motivate people because the value of goal setting is so well recognized that the entire management systems have goal setting basics incorporated into them (Santhosh 2008). As a matter of facts, goal setting theory has been generally accepted to be the most valid and useful motivation theory regardless of what type of industry it is currently doing (Santhosh 2008). However, although goal setting theory is believed to be a very powerful tool to motivate employees, it is claimed that by setting up goals, the reason for goal must be given to the employees in order for them to be motivated (London, Edward and John 2004). This is because only when employee knows why and what the reason behind achieving those goals, than the chances of accomplishing that particular goal is high. Latham, Erez and Locke (1988) further explained that goals that are assigned without any prior explanation will lead to lower performances. Although there are many ways like performing essential works only, spending smarter and more uninterrupted time on tasks and using good project management skills to increase productivity, setting up appropriate goals are important in increasing companys productivity (Dawn, 2004). Likewise, un-appropriate goals are detrimental to companys productivity. Thus, in determining appropriate goals for a company is very important and by doing so, company must firstly determine what type of goals employees are called to achieve and then, monitor them from time to time without fail. Besides that, when a company determines her most important goals for their employees, the employees themselves will not be reluctant to develop specific skills in order to attain those goals set by the company (Borchardt 2009). This will result in better performances especially in terms of productivity.   Goal setting theory seems to play a major role in making things work. However, according to Latham and Saari (1979), setting specific and challenging goals by individuals themselves will result in higher quality performances than by just urging the employees to performing their best. This is because when employees set their own goals in achieving a particular task, the quality of that particular task will be much better than a task which is given by their upper level management team themselves. When employees set their own targets towards their jobs, they feel fully responsible in and out in accomplishing them including providing the best quality of works. In short, employees need to be goal setters themselves in order to perform better. Thus in this case, in conjunction with the companys goals, missions and visions, employees should be given a chance to set their own goals and achieve them in their own ways in line with companys guidelines. A research done by Latham and Saari (1979) claims that individual with goals has more impact towards their jobs rather than individuals in the non-assigned condition. By practicing goal setting, individuals could increase the chances for a task that need to be done a success (Goldberg 2009). This is because when the goals are clearly stated and are very specific, individuals or employees will get to focus on what they are supposed to do in order to achieve and will find solutions or ways to make it happen. To make this happen, US Fed News Service, Including US State News (September 19, 2009) reported that firstly, goals must be attainable. A goal can be set as high as the sky but if it could not be attained, it will only demoralize oneself. Secondly, goals must be written down (Goldberg 2009). The purpose of this is to make sure that those who are involved are aware of what they are supposed to achieve. Besides that, by writing down the target goals can help in making those who are involved to remember what to achieve and how to achieve them and monitor them from time to time. Thirdly, goals must be specific and clear (Sawyer 2010). This is crucia l and if they are not, people who are involved could be confused and might get a total different outcome. Lastly, after setting up goals, the persons involved in making it a success must make sure that they are motivated to make it a success (Goldberg 2009). If goals have been set but the persons involved are not willing to accomplish them, then the very purpose of having them in the first place will be futile. A person can set his personal goal at any level he wants but to fulfill or to accomplish those goals set is very hard to determine. S.M.A.R.T. goal setting method is not foreign to people who are used to set goals in their personal life. According to goal setting expert Eade (2008), whether it is for personal or for business use, the most effective goals is to be S.M.A.R.T which represents, specific, measureable, attainable, realistic and tangible with a target date. For example, taking the difference between these two goals i.e. 1) Reduce unnecessary expenses; or 2) Reduce personal desire of online shopping to RM200 by May 1, 2010. Considering both perceptions, the second goal sets a more specific target and with it, a persons mind will now be more focused and monitor the total amount of money spent during online shopping. Goal setting theory can boost up a persons confidence and self-esteem with every goal that they have achieved (Oechsli 1991). Whenever a person is pursuing a particular task, with the direction from goal setting theory can make that particular person become more focused and hence, they will tend to be more committed to do their goals and further, accomplishing it. As mentioned, goals that are specific are easier to accomplish (Eade 2008). This is because with goal setting theory, there will be guidelines of what to achieve from time to time and what are the steps they should acquire in order to move forward. With these back-up guides, people can be more confident in carrying out their tasks in which case will not only benefit the employees themselves but will also benefit the company in terms of productivity. According to Oechsli (1991), with peoples confident and high self-esteem, the job performance will improve and their attitudes will change for better which will lead to increase of productivity. According to Then (2008), setting up goals either for the company or for personal use can enable a person to accomplish their task in a timely and organized manner. This is because through goal setting theory, a person can organize his time to accomplish a particular task and whenever a person sets his personal goal in managing a particular task, he will divide his time and build strategies in making his goals a success. Taking student as an example, if a student sets his target to complete his assignment by the next day at 5pm, in order to meet that time frame, this particular student will put away everything that could stop him to complete his obligation as a student and strive to meet the time set as committed. Sometimes, we humans feel stressed-out because we are not achieving what are important to us and by goal setting theory, it can be one of the best ways to relief or lessen our stress level (Scott 2009). Humans tend or love to have a lot going on in their daily life but due to time constraints, most of their plans are being disrupted. Each person can have up to 10 or even more obligations a day and without goal setting theory, life can be in chaotic situation due to limited time at the end.   However, when a person knows precisely what he wanted to achieve in a day, he will know where he has to focus his efforts (Reduce Stress with Personal Goal Setting 2010). Thus it is important that a person should know what he wanted to achieve and to plan how and when to achieve them. In this case, a person should manage his time properly and organize everything he wanted to do in an orderly manner so that he could manage his task without affecting other plans. Moreover, by practicing goal sett ing theory in our personal life can always make sure that we are on track no matter what may occur which will make our life much more easier to manage (Then 2008).   In conclusion, it is generally agreed that goal setting theory is an effective theoretical framework in where it can best predict and boost up individual or employees work motivation as well as to better manage their time. However, in order to make it work, every individual must have a clear and specific as well as attainable goal. Without this, even how high a goal is set and it is not specific, that particular goal could be futile. Besides that, in order to make it happen, a person must show full commitment towards that particular task that he needs to achieve in certain time frame. In short, individuals that are involved play important role in making things happen. As mentioned, goal setting theory can lessen a persons stress and will lead to more organized ways of completing certain tasks and through goal setting theory can motivate a person as well as it can change a persons behavior. However, consistency is also important in making it a success nonetheless. In my own personal opinion, I personally feel that goal setting theory is a very important tool in making things work. Besides just making life less complicated and more objective, it actually helps in shaping our life in a more purposeful way.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap

Dream’s Recovered   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone has dreams; everyone has goals they want to accomplish. Some know what it is instantly and some take time to realize what they want to do. But not everyone will achieve their dreams and some, because of sad circumstances lose their grip on their dream and fall into a state of disappointment. Langston Hughes poem relates to the dreams of Mama, Ruth, and Walter in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ruth has to listen to Walter’s extravagant dreams of being rich and powerful all the time and know that these dreams will never happen. They are very poor and Travis must sleep on the couch because they only have a two-room apartment. Ruth’s dream of having a baby seems crushed when she finds out that she’s pregnant and realizes they can’t support another in the household. When mama and Walter argue about Ruth getting an abortion Walter says she wouldn’t do anything like that as she walks in, she says â€Å"Yes I would too Walter. I gave her a five-dollar down payment.† (1.2.75). Ruth’s dream of having a baby is dried up when she knows they can’t support another child in the household.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lena Younger has always dreamed of a garden with beautiful flowers in her own yard next to her own house. But she is devastated when she hears that Walter took the rest of money for the house and Beneatha’s school money and gave it to Willy Harris who literally stole the Young... Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap Dream’s Recovered   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone has dreams; everyone has goals they want to accomplish. Some know what it is instantly and some take time to realize what they want to do. But not everyone will achieve their dreams and some, because of sad circumstances lose their grip on their dream and fall into a state of disappointment. Langston Hughes poem relates to the dreams of Mama, Ruth, and Walter in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ruth has to listen to Walter’s extravagant dreams of being rich and powerful all the time and know that these dreams will never happen. They are very poor and Travis must sleep on the couch because they only have a two-room apartment. Ruth’s dream of having a baby seems crushed when she finds out that she’s pregnant and realizes they can’t support another in the household. When mama and Walter argue about Ruth getting an abortion Walter says she wouldn’t do anything like that as she walks in, she says â€Å"Yes I would too Walter. I gave her a five-dollar down payment.† (1.2.75). Ruth’s dream of having a baby is dried up when she knows they can’t support another child in the household.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lena Younger has always dreamed of a garden with beautiful flowers in her own yard next to her own house. But she is devastated when she hears that Walter took the rest of money for the house and Beneatha’s school money and gave it to Willy Harris who literally stole the Young...